A Short History of the Architecture Profession

A Short History of the Architecture Profession Engineering was not generally thought of as a calling. The modeler was the individual who could assemble structures that didnt tumble down. Indeed, the word modeler originates from the Greek word for boss woodworker, architektÃ… n. In the United States, design as an authorized calling changed in 1857. Before the 1800s, any gifted and talented individual could turn into a modeler through perusing, apprenticeship, self-study, and deference of the present decision class. Antiquated Greek and Roman rulers chose the specialists whose work would make them look great. The incomparable Gothic churches in Europe were worked by bricklayers, craftsmen, and different craftsmans and tradesmen. After some time, well off, taught blue-bloods became key architects. They accomplished their preparation casually, without set up rules or principles. Today we think about these early developers and originators as planners: Vitruvius The Roman manufacturer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio is regularly refered to as the main designer. As boss designer for Roman rulers, for example, Emperor Augustus, Vitruvius reported structure techniques and satisfactory styles to be utilized by governments. His three standards of design firmitas, utilitas, venustas-are utilized as models of what engineering ought to be even today. Palladio The well known Renaissance draftsman Andrea Palladio apprenticed as a stonecutter. He found out about the Classical Orders from researchers of antiquated Greece and Rome-when Vitruvius De Architectura is deciphered, Palladio grasps thoughts of evenness and extent. Wren Sir Christopher Wren, who planned some of Londons most significant structures after the Great Fire of 1666, was a mathematician and researcher. He instructed himself through perusing, travel, and meeting different architects. Jefferson At the point when the American legislator Thomas Jefferson planned Monticello and other significant structures, he had found out about design through books by Renaissance aces like Palladio and Giacomo da Vignola. Jefferson additionally portrayed his perceptions of Renaissance design when he was Minister to France. During the 1700 and 1800s, lofty craftsmanship institutes like École des Beaux-Arts gave preparing in design an accentuation on the Classical Orders. Numerous significant draftsmen in Europe and the American provinces got a portion of their instruction at École des Beaux-Arts. Be that as it may, designers were not required to try out the Academy or some other formal instructive program. There were no necessary tests or authorizing guidelines. The Influence of the AIA In the United States, engineering advanced as a profoundly composed calling when a gathering of noticeable modelers, including Richard Morris Hunt, propelled the AIA (American Institute of Architects). Established on February 23, 1857, the AIA sought to advance the logical and down to earth flawlessness of its individuals and raise the remaining of the calling. Other establishing individuals included Charles Babcock, H. W. Cleaveland, Henry Dudley, Leopold Eidlitz, Edward Gardiner, J. Wrey Mold, Fred A. Petersen, J. M. Minister, Richard Upjohn, John Welch, and Joseph C. Wells. Americas soonest AIA engineers built up their professions during violent occasions. In 1857 the country was near the precarious edge of Civil War and, following quite a while of monetary thriving, America dove into gloom in the Panic of 1857. The American Institute of Architects resolutely established the frameworks for building up design as a calling. The association brought norms of moral direct professionalsim-to Americas organizers and architects. As the AIA developed, it built up normalized contracts and created strategies for the preparation and credentialing of engineers. The AIA itself doesn't give licenses nor is it a prerequisite to be an individual from the AIA. The AIA is an expert association a network of modelers drove by engineers. The recently framed AIA didn't have assets to make a national design school yet gave authoritative help to new projects for engineering learns at built up schools. The most punctual design schools in the US incorporated the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1868), Cornell (1871), the University of Illinois (1873), Columbia University (1881), and Tuskegee (1881). Today, more than one hundred design school programs in the United States are licensed by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), which normalizes the instruction and preparing of US planners. NAAB is the main office in the US that is approved to certify proficient degree programs in engineering. Canada has a comparative organization, the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB). In 1897, Illinois was the primary state in the US to receive an authorizing law for planners. Different states followed gradually throughout the following 50 years. Today, an expert permit is expected of all draftsmen who practice in the US. Norms for authorizing are directed by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). Clinical specialists can't rehearse medication without a permit and neither can engineers. You wouldnt need an undeveloped and unlicensed specialist rewarding your ailment, so you shouldnt need an undeveloped, unlicensed modeler assemble that skyscraper place of business in which you work. An authorized calling is a way toward a more secure world. Find out More The Architects Handbook of Professional Practice by the American Institute of Architects, Wiley, 2013Architect? A Candid Guide to the Profession by Roger K. Lewis, MIT Press, 1998From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America by Mary N. Woods, University of California Press, 1999The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession by Spiro Kostof, Oxford University Press, 1977

Naughts and Crosses Essay Example

Naughts and Crosses Essay Tic Tac Toe Tic-Tac-Toe is a game wherein you’re confronted with a basic target. It’s a game which has constrained progressions and once it gets comfortable, the game is probably going to end in a draw. No victor or washout! Along these lines, this novel is an outline of the tic-tac-toe board as a general public, in which your observations about individuals are commanded by partiality and separation. Initially, this novel may appear to be a portrayal which can't be associated with an adolescent’s life yet it impacts the reader’s observations on the bias which our general public veils. Puberty is the point at which a person’s ethics and feelings are shaped and this novel can impact upon your decisions drastically. Subsequently it’s undeniably whether this book is appropriate for year 10 understudies and the ReadPlus site. The significance of this novel can likewise be supported through the legitimate topics and issues depicted. Blackman has additionally passed on a scope of nervy characters through the profound qualities and mentalities they grasp. The challenging characterisation, the extreme settings and the emotional new development charms crowd enthusiasm all through the novel. In this way I accept that this novel is an appropriate perused for all young people. In today’s society, topics and issues displayed through different types of media have a huge effect upon young people; anyway this novel has figured out how to impact youngsters in a constructive manner. In the first place, the novel spotlights on a scope of delicate themes, for example, force and bias in a moderate yet ground-breaking way. This is unmistakably outlined when Sephy says, â€Å"Like, you’re in one spot and I’m in another, with an enormous, incredible divider between us. † (P. 26) This discourse by Sephy features the racial divider which isolates their general public. We will compose a custom paper test on Naughts and Crosses explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Naughts and Crosses explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Naughts and Crosses explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Furthermore, substitute history has likewise been utilized to upgrade crowd intrigue. This epic has switched the race-relations which happened ever. Along these lines, â€Å"Noughts and Crosses† can be isolated from every single other fiction which identify with bias and bigotry. Besides, Blackman has additionally figured out how to consolidate issues which are applicable to teenagers. These incorporate high school pregnancy and liquor compulsion. At present, these topics and issues are of hugeness to the target group; thusly I accept that this novel is a motivating perused for all youths. Crowd commitment is guaranteed through the wide exhibit of qualities and mentalities depicted all through the novel. The epic shows the supremacist and prevalent estimations of the Crosses through the poor treatment of the noughts. Their world class perspectives were represented during Callum’s first day of school. Together all the Crosses discussed, â€Å"No blankers in our school! † (P. 54)This citation features the racial chain of importance present in their general public which is practically identical to the white-prevailing history we held. Interestingly, the noughts show the estimations of opportunity and correspondence. This is represented through the development of the resistance bunch which is battling for equity. In conclusion, the two heroes show uniqueness and congruity through their activities, qualities and mentalities. For example, Callum values uniformity and opportunity he seeks after this through his inclusion in the insubordination gathering though Sephy is conflicting with her society’s convictions and practices through her relationship with somebody of a mediocre class. The qualities and mentalities depicted in this novel are relatable to the high school crowd as social factors, for example, peer weight and prominence as a rule impact our choices. Thus, this novel is displaying positive ethics proper for year 10 understudies. The viable showcase of characterisation, setting and occasions will request crowd consideration. The author’s portrayals are brief and the creator will in general be immediate as opposed to elaborative. The accompanying portrayal is a model, â€Å"They were genuine old buddies, no obstructions, and no limits. †(P. ) This statement represents her brief and straightforward language use. Regardless, her immediate methodology doesn’t bargain detail, particularly with regards to the setting. The whole plot is dependent upon the setting. The tragic culture which the creator has made is extremist. This is displayed in the novel through the fascism style of government the general public complies with. Basically, th e story depicts the companionship between the two heroes. The occasions in the novel try to speak to a profound relationship which is tested by the racial divisions inside the general public. Therefore, this novel is pertinent to the target group. Truth be told, it’s evident that the book, â€Å"Noughts and Crosses† is a reasonable perused for all year 10 understudies. The tale will change any cliché sees which you may have hung on bigotry as it inverts the two factors around. We as a whole accept that equity and harmony are the way in to a general public however would we say we are as yet bolted out inside the block dividers of separation and bias or is that simply letting our past characterize the present?

Decide my major!

Decide my major! Alright, you and I both have some big decisions to make in the next month. You all need to decide where you’re going to college next year (COUGHMITCOUGH), which, I mean, is a kind of a big deal and will in fact influence the rest of your life. No pressure or anything. I will weigh in with how best to make this decision post-CPW when youve formed your own opinions on how awesome MIT is. But that’s old news to me, because it seriously feels like I was a senior a decade ago. I was burning time on facebook the other day going through high school pictures and was like, “wow, that was not a good hair d- was that just last year? THAT WAS LAST YEAR?” And I suddenly felt very old. To add to this, I have to declare a major by April 17th. Yes, that means that while you’re all on campus not sleeping and eating more sugar than you’ve consumed ever and figuring out how you will fit your 7 free t-shirts back into your luggage post-CPW, I will be declaring what I tentatively want to do with my life. This is terrifying. I have ~54% no idea what I want to with my life. Last week, I pretended I was a mechanical engineer, and it was pretty fun, but then I realized I didn’t actually want to engineer things forever. I was course 7 and 18 for about two weeks at the beginning of this year until MIT was like, “yo, Shannon, math is hard” and was like “whoa, you are definitely right” and promptly retreated from uber-1337 18.022 to the nice, cozy mathiness of 18.02. Currently, I’m telling people that I’m course 5, and I’m kind of liking it. It’s like dress up. Only… with… your life. And this is where you come in. Decide my fate! Vote what major Shannon should choose next week when she meets with her advisor! THE CONTENDERS: Course 2 (Mechanical Engineering) So I’m in this class called “Wheelchair Design in Developing Countries,” which is incredible. I’m currently part of a team that’s working on a tricycle attachment for wheelchairs that will allow wheelchair users in Kenya (our current market) to travel the long distances (30 km, in some cases!) to work, a task made difficult by non-handicap accessible public transportation and current wheelchair designs. ANYWAYS. I really like getting my hands dirty and designing things. It’s pretty cool to look at a design and be like, “I made that. And it will change someone’s life.” Like Fatuma, one of our partners in Uganda who came to visit and give us feedback on our designs: My thoughts on majoring in MechE is that I would likely use it for biology or international development. Course 5 (Chemistry) My major du jour. I’m really enjoying being a pretend chemistry major. I LOVE 5.12, and I really like learning about biology from a chemical standpoint. I also took 5.112 in the fall, the hardest version of freshmen chemistry- it’s recommended for students with an “exceptionally strong background in chemistry,” which did not describe me AT ALL. But I was all “hey, I want a challenge, BRING IT.” And it did bring it. I quite literally failed the first exam (the ranges were A, B, C, Cause for Concern, and In Trouble, and yours truly made the honorable last category), but I was actually doing really well by the end and ended up learning a ton from the class. Best and worst decision I have made at MIT. ANYWAYS. I like chemistry, which is funny, because I abhorred chem in high school. However, these shirts alone might just be enough to sway me 5. AND we get them for free when we declare. Course 7 (Biology) I came in as a hard-core Biology major. And when I mean hardcore, I mean there-is-no-way-I-will-ever-consider-anything-else hardcore. I had done Bio research in high school, had done the USABO, the whole works. It was my thing. As in, this was my response to the “what major do you want to be?” question: I blame my love of biology on my feet. Looking for something “alive, or that had been living” around my house, my 1st grade self sat down, peeled some dead skin off my foot, and brought it into school the next day to look at under a microscope. Watching my very own cells come into focus, I fell in love with a world outside my field of view. A first grade amazement turned into a middle school obsession with enzymes, and by high school had morphed into an interest so deep that introductory college textbooks were far too broad for my interests. I began pouring through research journals and found myself happily studying transcription factors the summer after junior year, once working in lab everyday for over 4 weeks straight. I’d wake up every morning excited to leave my dorm, and would come home to argue the merits of biology versus chemistry with my dorm mates and sit in the lounge until late at night reading the latest scientific literature. I’ve been a Course 7 major since the age of 6- who said young love never lasts? Hardcore. I told you. Realistically, I still want to do bio research after I graduate- which path I want to take to that is an entirely different matter. (hence the having 5 options for my potential major) Course 10B (Chemical Engineering with biology) Like 5, only more engineering and biology- this is looking like a good way to potentially mesh the two. Course 20 (Biological Engineering) Now, this seems like the logical choice given all the above, but freshmen can’t actually declare course 20- you have to apply sophomore year, and acceptance to the program is based on your completion of the prereqs to that point. But we’ll include this in the voting, because if I’m going to go course 20, I should know sooner than later. Alright, so here’s the ballot. Feel free to add your comments and/or lobby for your choice of major in the comments. If you offer to bring me cookies at CPW, I may or may not lend more credence to your vote*. Loading *Emphasis on the may not.

Organizational Behaviour a Look at Ge - 2236 Words

Organizational Behavior: A look at General Electric In the history of corporations few companies have demonstrated the staying power and tenacity as General Electric (GE.). Of the companies that originally appeared when the Dow Jones Industrial Average was rolled out in 1896 only GE is still doing business today. (General Electric, 2007) GE’s 125 year run has not been spotless. GE, like any long lasting organization, has had many ups and downs. GE’s past has at times been glorious and at other times has been dark and manipulative. â€Å"GE traces its beginnings to Thomas A. Edison, who established Edison Electric Light Company in 1878. In 1892, a merger of Edison General Electric Company and Thomson-Huston Electric Company created General†¦show more content†¦The fundamental problem could have been summed up by the idea of trying to squeeze orange juice from the rind. Individual employees and managers could not keep up and the company was quickly digging a deeper hole. By 1988 the problem could no longer be ignored. Jim Baughman, the head of GE’s management development center was charged with the task of correcting the problem. â€Å"In a memorable conversation, Welch and Baughman said to each other, ‘Let’s find a way to get work out of the system.’† (Ashkenas, 2002) The innovative system seemed clear: Teams. Teams would help to reduce the individual work load and get work through the system. The new team approach was aptly named, â€Å"Work-Out.† The â€Å"Work-Out† team approach created by Welch and Baughman utilizes small cross-functional teams that investigate problems. The teams generate ideas and solutions that are presented to the decision makers in an informal â€Å"town meeting† The informal nature of Welch and Baughman’s team approach was created with the clever notion that GE should be run not like a huge conglomerate, but rather like a small company. The vision (which is still being pursued by GE today) was to create a team environment that was not restricted by departments, business units or company leadership. By the mid-1990s it was clear that the â€Å"Work-Out† system was having a profound positive impact on GE. Teams, innovating and working without traditional limitations was saving the company.Show MoreRelatedGe’s Two Decade Transformation: Jack Welsh’s Leadershipge’s Two Decade Transformation: Jack Welsh’s Leadership1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction GE was founded in 1878. It has grown multi folds since the time of inception. It has been named as â€Å"Most Admired Company in Us† and â€Å"Most Admired Company in the World†. It has companies in the field of electricity production, electric appliance, lighting, aircraft engines, medical system, and diesel locomotives. GE has 43 independent SBU (Strategic Business Unit). Despite all these variations available there was steadfast growth in the company. The management practices in GE were consideredRead MoreBusiness1501 Words   |  7 PagesGeneral Electric (GE) was founded in 1892 from the merger of Thomas Edison’s Electric Light Company with the Thomas Houston Company. Their business was based upon exploiting Edison’s patents relating to electricity generation and distribution, light bulbs, and electric motors. In 2005 and 2006 GE was Fortune’s â€Å"Most Admired Company.† Now it is an advanced technology, services and finance company de dicated to innovation in energy, health, transportation and infrastructure. GE operates in more thanRead MoreJack Welch and Transformational Leadership Essay3401 Words   |  14 Pagesuseful in identifying the personal characteristics, the leader and follower values and the situational factors that contributed to his success. This paper will analyse Welch’s leadership of GE using the framework of transformational leadership. Conclusions will be drawn regarding Welch’s leader behaviour and effectiveness, taking into account the situation, the nature of the followers, Welch’s values and the international and cultural context. Jack Welch Welch performed a number of leadershipRead MoreClassical Management Perspective7829 Words   |  32 Pagesbecome a CEO status before the age of 40. In this special assignment, Jack could boost up his interpersonal skills which refer to the ability to communicate with, understanding, and motivate both individuals and groups. As a manager climbs the organizational ladder, he or she must be able to get along with each and every one of the internal and also the external of the organization. Beside that, interpersonal skills defined as the set of abilities enabling a person to interact positively and workRead MoreGes Two-Decade Transformation Case Analysis4601 Words   |  19 PagesJudy Lee 04003094 Gianni Liburdi 049003649 Executive Summary This report’s objective is to provide analysis of the leadership challenge that General Electric (GE) is currently facing, and to recommend solutions. The primary problem is determining what kind of candidate is required to replace retiring CEO Jack Welch. This has left GE to question how much does the company want to change policy over the previous era, and where does the company want to be in future? Detailed examination of theRead MoreGe Jeff Immelt1815 Words   |  8 Pages3/25/2011 Ge Making Of Ceo Management of Organizations Case Write-up 1 – GE’s Talent Machine: The Making of a CEO http://www.papercamp.com/print/GeMaking-Of-Ceo/10993 1.What philosophy, policies, and practices have made GE a â€Å"CEO factory† as Fortune called it? General Electric (GE) has traditionally had a hands-on approach to talent management. There is a high degree of involvement of the top management in its people policies. There is a top-down approach to human resource policy. Also, GE recognizedRead MorePositive and Negative Reinforcement in Leadership Styles Essay example1465 Words   |  6 Pages Negative reinforcement will sometimes use scare tactics or abuse, such as public humiliation or the threat of a demotion, to push employees in certain directions. This paper will explore both styles, and the pros and cons of each. It will also look into how the two leadership styles can be used in conjunction with one another to modify behavior patterns in employees. Positive and Negative Reinforcement in Leadership Styles There are many different types of managers in todays world, and eachRead MoreScientific Management Essay4909 Words   |  20 Pagespaper, is defined as a set of expectations an individual has, as to how they are to use their leadership position to involve themselves and to involve other people in the achievement of results. Various aspects, such as value systems, technology, organizational design, and globalization, all affect the culture of an organization and come into play when determining what managerial style is best to use. As we move through the years, these components develop, resulting in the need for managerial stylesRead MoreGeneral Electric8705 Words   |  35 Pagesï » ¿Download the original attachment Executive Summary General Electric (GE) is a global market leader which is well known for its technological innovation, leadership and world class quality in the conglomerate industry. For the purpose of analysing strategic management in action, this report focuses on its Aircraft Engines (hereinafter referred to as â€Å"AE†) and Medical Systems (hereinafter referred to as â€Å"MS†) business units – a subset of its ‘Technology’ segment.    Its macro-forces (sluggish economyRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour - Essay3682 Words   |  15 PagesORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR – ESSAY Essay Topic: One set of authors state that â€Å"An organisation’s ability to manage change will have a significant effect on its performance and prosperity† (Graetz. F., et al, 2006, p2 in Grates F. et al, 2006, Managing Organisational Change, John Wiley Sons, Australia), whereas another author claims that few corporate change efforts have ever been successful (Kotter, J.P., 2005, ‘Why Transformational Change Efforts Fail’, Harvard Business Review, March-April

The Argument About College Essay Writing Help

The Argument About College Essay Writing Help It's possible to aid your son or daughter write an application essay. You might have tips to enhance the usage of supportive sources and in-text citations. Chicago style essay format is the most frequently occurring and straightforward fashion of writing an essay, but still it's regarded as the most powerful and simple kind of formatting any writing. Facts, Fiction and College Essay Writing Help Besides the things which you should always remember, in addition, there are some things which you shouldn't do when creating the content of your college essay. You'll be advised about including your last thoughts for specific kinds of essays. If you are conversant with the sort of essay and understand how to proceed, you will nonetheless have to commit lots of time in research. In reality, buying essays on the world wide web is a tool that is handy and suitable to the majority of pupils. Understanding College Essay Writing Help The i deal way to summarize an essay would be to start with reading it via a time that's exact fast. Remember an accurate beginning and ending are vital for an effective essay. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can count on us to deliver. Writing narrative essay is believed to be the simplest and most entertaining kind of essay to construct. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you always need to remember. A quick sentence is utilized to produce the emotional resolution of the admission essay. In the event that you choose to take entrance essay writing the support of us, you can make sure that we'll leave no rock unturned to ensure you get the absolute best essay. The easiest way into the ideal essay is by WritePaperFor.Me. The very first relevance of purchasing college dissertations on the internet is that scholars will pick a paper that bests suit them. Finding free online writing projects online advertising on several websites free of charge and check writing can be a complicated task. Make your very first order at the moment and find the help you need whenever possible. For that reason, it's critical for the student to request help in such instances. The Number One Question You Must Ask for College Essay Writing Help A few of the ess ays ask you to describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening. Many are highly-reputed. In years past essay templates are known to help amateurs considerably. Composing a faculty essay might be a hard job, however it could also be exciting. Developing an excellent college essay are able to lose its purpose in the event the content of what you've written is not what the university is asking for. Today best college admission essays give a significant competitive edge for high school graduates seeking to become freshmen in the majority of prestigious and reliable universities in the usa and UK. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting elements of applying to college. Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the possibilities of admission. Thus, you will know all that is necessary. Once you've got to locate a scholarship article, you might see it at ou r company. College Essay Writing Help Secrets That No One Else Knows About Every letter of the following line or new paragraph ought to be in caps to be able to demonstrate the new start of the paragraph or new sentence. Despite exceptional grades, a poorly written essay gives you a poor name. Therefore, if you don't make a significant grammar mistake, you don't need to be concerned too much about your grammar. The better part of the essay utilizes standard English and English grammar. As a consequence, if you require authentic essays, don't be afraid to get in touch with us. Locating the perfect example essay website is simply one of the greatest issues that students undergo. You can depend on the ideal essay help online. Only a whole Essay template can supply you with all the details you want to learn about. Essays are shown to be a considerable element of the practice of some considerable group of states. Papers are the exact dispersed ones. In different states, you can want to compose the paper and might require a specialist to provide you guidelines to help you compose your research paper. You shouldn't be unwilling to request a type of paper which you never find within our checklist. Want to Know More About College Essay Writing Help? Therefore, if you believe the essay could possibly be problematic for you, then it's prudent to search for a person who can do it on your behalf and cause you to score high marks. It's vital to not forget your essay doesn't need to be concerned about tragic or productive occasion or a gigantic encounter. It's vital that you choose a British essay producing with a talented band of writers indefinitely. In marginal situations, the essays are utilised to figure out whether or not an applicant could be decided on. It's never simple to come across authentic and appropriate information for your essays and research papers. Likewise, you must have a an essay template that addresses analytical essays if you m ust compose an analytical essay body. Or you'll be able to view 18 essays all on a single page. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might want to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so that you can have more idea on what things to put in the college essay you will create. If you don't need to lose your grades simply because you are unable to write in a very convincing fashion, you should come straight to Essay On Time writing service and let our writers help you receive all sorts of college admission essays. It is a fact that it is possible to write a custom made college essay completely by yourself, but nevertheless, it will never be of the identical quality you get when you use our college essay writing service. Writing a fantastic college admission essay is simpler than you believe! College Essay Writing Help Can Be Fun for Everyone English essay writing help is easily available in the market. Our writers understand that plagiarism isn't allowed in learning institutions and may lead to expulsion. You are able to write the authors of the best papers will have the ability to use English to compose programs, and you may make great grades to enter the appropriate paperwork. Software English writing software is likely to stop you when you're reda ction your documents.

Birth Control Controversy Free Essays

Contraception is a critical issue for women of all ages and social class because the decision to have a baby impacts a woman’s physical, mental, and emotional health. Contraception is also very costly and is an expense that a woman primarily shoulders. Not every employer’s health insurance plan provides benefits for prescription contraceptives and devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Birth Control Controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now A personal survey of 50 adults with varying types of insurance plans, asked if their health insurance plans provided coverage for birth control, Viagra, or abortion. Everyone surveyed maintain that his plan provides coverage for Viagra, a sexual enhancement drug, and abortion. The same survey showed that 26% of the insurance plans do not provide benefits for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescription contraceptives or devices for the solitary purpose of preventing pregnancy (personal communication, 2010). Not providing coverage for birth control, yet providing coverage for other types of prescription drugs, services, and devices, is discriminatory against women and has a negative impact on an employer’s and the government’s economics. The federal government should mandate that all health care plans provide coverage for FDA approved contraceptives because not providing them is discriminatory against women. Preventive Health Care and Finance Women that plan their pregnancies usually obtain pre-natal care and take better care of themselves and unborn child. Moreover, women who have planned their families put enough distance between each pregnancy so not to put a strain on their physical, mental, and emotional welfare. This is better for both mother and child. Furthermore, to obtain FDA approved prescription birth control, women must first be seen be a licensed physician and have an examination. That examination includes a Pap smear, breast exam, and screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Without the motivation of obtaining contraception, women may not schedule an exam that could detect, and treat, potentially life-threatening diseases. Early detection of disease, such as cervical and breast cancer, is vital to making a full recovery. Family planning devices and prescriptions should be a benefit that all health insurance plans provide because more than half of the pregnancies that occur within this country are not planned. The United States has the highest rate of accidental pregnancies of the entire industrialized world. Of those pregnancies, only half come to term. The other pregnancies end because of spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, or the woman elects to have an abortion (Roan, 2009). With insurance provided birth control these statistics can decrease considerably. Lack of coverage, and the out-of –pocket expense for birth control, is a factor in the high rate of unintended pregnancies because women are going without birth control, or opt for less effective methods for family planning. Women spend approximately two-thirds of their lives in an attempt to avoid pregnancy, but still a majority of women experience an unplanned pregnancy by the time they reach age 45 (Vargas, 2002). Women are primarily responsible for preventing pregnancy and rely on prescribed contraceptives and devices because there is no effective form of over-the-counter birth control available for women’s use. The most effective form of birth control, other than abstinence, is oral contraceptives, which is better known as â€Å"the pill. † With insurance, co-payments for the pill range from $10 to $50 per month (Andrews, 2010). Without insurance coverage, the expense of the pill can range from $20 to $75 per month. Over a 25-year period this could amass from $6,000 to well over $20,000 (Guttmacher, 2010). Therefore, women are paying upwards of 68% higher health care expenditures than their male counterparts (Zolman, 2002). In comparison, the only form of birth control used by men is a condom, and they are available without prescription and not costly. Pictured above are different types of birth control available. All, except condoms, require a prescription and are used by women. Photo courtesy of Dawn Stacey Sexual Discrimination Some health insurance plans exclude contraceptives because it views them as quality of life drug and not medically necessary. If a doctor deems a woman to have a clinical need for contraception, such as recurring headaches, endometriosis, acne, or irregular menstruation, an insurance company may choose to authorize benefits. However, Viagra is one quality of life drug that insurance plans cover without question (Vargas, 2002). Viagra is an oral treatment that a doctor prescribes exclusively to men who suffer from erectile dysfunction. Covering expenses for one quality of life drug, aimed for the improvement of men’s sex lives, and denying benefit of another quality of life drug, intended to prevent pregnancy for women, is undoubtedly discriminatory. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) sustain employers are legally bound to provide a full range of family planning options if other forms of preventive health prescriptions and devices are part of their benefits package. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 says it is unlawful when employers â€Å"fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual, or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin† (Zolman, 2002, p. 8). Health and prescription coverage is part of the compensation and terms of employment as mentioned in Title VII. To provide further clarification, the United States government added an amendment in 1978 called the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), and it reads â€Å"†¦women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all emp loyment related purposes, including of receipt of benefits under fringe benefit programs† (Vargas, 2002, p. 9). The current regulations for health insurance governance vary and are subject to different protocol. The Employment Retirement Security Act (ERISA) is a federal law that oversees self-funded insurance plans. A self-funded insurance plan, also known as self-insured, is a plan that an employer provides and pays for from a self-established fund. ERISA oversees the compliance of procedure, such as providing insurance information and instructions on how to file grievances, however; it does not require employers to provide specific benefits (Zolman, 2002). Within ERISA is a loophole that self-funded insurance plans have used to avoid following mandates that may be in effect through state legislation. Fully insured health plans contract through insurance brokers, are subject to state insurance mandates, and are not governed by ERISA (Zolman, 2002). The Equity in Prescription Insurance and Contraceptive Coverage Act (EPICC) is a federal contraceptive prescription and device mandate that has gone before Congress on several occasions but has not been successful in passing into law. Nevertheless, there have been 27 states that have passed there on version of EPICC since 1998 (Andrews, 2010). However, requirements for coverage vary from state to state and self-funded insurance plans are exempt from complying. Throughout the last decade there have been several lawsuits filed against employers unwilling to include prescription contraception benefits. The first such case was Erickson versus Bartell. In 2001, Jennifer Erickson brought a lawsuit of sexual discrimination against Bartell Drug Company for failing to provide birth control in a prescription drug benefit package. Federal Judge Lasnik determined that Bartell Drug Company was in violation of Title VII and the PDA (HRMagazine, 2005). Sadly, the majority of employers who exclude prescription contraceptives choose to wait for legal action before changing policy. In those cases, society loses as precious taxpayer dollars are spent. Employer Expenses Many people have the misconception that it is expensive for an employer to provided prescription contraceptive benefits and that the employer should be able to limit available benefits to help keep health insurance premiums to a minimum. A study conducted by the Washington Business Group on Health concluded that employers experience greater direct and indirect financial losses when an employee becomes pregnant. The indirect expenses include the employee’s absence for doctor’s appointments, fatigue, or illness. Indirect costs can also include reduced productivity, and the need to train another person to fulfill the pregnant employee’s position when absent. Direct costs can reach well above $10,000 for expenses related to pre-natal care, delivery, and one-year of infant pediatrics (HRMagazine, 2005). How to cite Birth Control Controversy, Papers

Minority Report Essay Example

Minority Report Paper Oedipus the King, a tragedy by Sophocles, was written in the 5th Century B. C. , continues to influence today’s culture. This play is about a man who saves a place, called Thebes, where they crown him as king for his actions. On a quest to find the previous king’s murderer, Oedipus falls to his doom by his fatal flaw. Overtime, society has created numerous artworks using themes from this play. A well-known movie is Minority Report, which uses several themes from Oedipus the King. This movie is about a man named John Anderton, who runs a program called Pre-crime. Pre-crime is a facility where three precognitive see a future homicide, and have a team of detectives prevents the homicide. In Minority Report, John Anderton eventually falls as well, due to his tragic flaw. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the similar themes of blindness, prophecy, and attempting to beat fate in these two works of art. In both artworks, blindness does not only refer to physical sight but comprehension as well. In Oedipus the King, the theme of blindness reoccurs several times. The first time we experience this theme is when the Tiresias, a blind prophet, comes to help Oedipus with his quest. We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even though Tiresias was right, Oedipus was blind to the truth. Another instance that includes blindness is Oedipus being unable to comprehend the truth. Then a final example is when Oedipus accepts the truth and stabs his eyes out. While Minority Report, uses a lot of symbolism for blindness. The first time blindness is referenced is after the opening credits. It starts with a man talking about how blind he is, then the scene switches to his sun stabbing scissors into a an eye on a magazine, and then we see a close-up of an eye. The film also shows that Anderton is blind, because he is unable to comprehend several things he is told. Like the prophecy the drug sealer form the wrong side of town told him. John Anderton is even blinded by his self-righteousness. The theme of blindness is evident in both these works, because it gives hint that the protagonist does not see how murder affects their lives. A second major theme in both works is prophecy. In these works, the protagonist receives prophecies about their futures. Oedipus gets his first prophecy prior to the play. The oracle warns him that he will kill his father and marry his mother. While he is told the second prophecy at the beginning of the play. Here, Tiresias prophesizes that he will become blind, homeless, poor, shunned and weakened with self-loathing. Then in Minority Report, John Anderton receives two prophecies as well. The first one comes from the eyeless drug dealer, saying that the future is a place where the blind live under a one eyed king. Later in the film, Agatha sees a future where John will kill a man named Leo Crowe. Eventually, all four of these prophecies come rue as they were said. This theme is evident as well; this is because prophecy affects them. It makes them do whatever is necessary to make sure it does not happen, and proves their innocence. This is an important theme because it also further develops the plot. Another common theme between these works is trying to defeat fate. Throughout the film or play, the protagonist tries their best to avoid their fate. Prior Oedipus the King, Oedipus is given a horrible fate that makes him live in fear. Trying to escape his predestined fate, where he is to kill his father and marry his mother. He runs away from home in fear of being near his parents. However, no matter what Oedipus tries the prophecy comes true. This is because he let fear rule his life, and lacked of knowledge of his real kinship. Then by ignoring Tiresias and Jocasta, he continues to dig for the truth. This leads to the second prophecy real, making his a blind beggar. While in Minority Report, John runs as well when he sees a vision of himself killing Leo Crowe. Again trying to avoid fate fails, since Leo Crowe eventually dies. This film thus proves that fate cannot be defeated. Even when John Anderton decided to arrest the victim rather then kill him, in the end Mr. Crowe still dies. It also shows that fate might not always be clear. This is because the vision of Crowe’s death is with John killing him but in reality Crowe killed himself. Then the prophecy of a one eyed ruled comes true as well. By the end of the movie John has one eye, and also important information that can ruin Pre-crime. Here he is the one eyed ruler because he has information, which no one else has. This makes society blind to the truth, therefore he rules since he knows this information. Prophecies are an important theme because they can give the protagonist a focus and complicate the plot. In the end, Oedipus the King and Minority Report have similar themes. Among the ones listed above they are a few others including hubris. Though not everything is the same, using Classical Greek literature is useful. Greek literature as a reference for a contemporary film can help develop ideas and plot. Knowledge of Greek drama can also better the experience. With this knowledge, someone can better enjoy the film because could understand more of the plot and have background information for movies. However, to much knowledge can ruin a movie experience. If someone knows a lot of Greek drama one can recognize a movie plot, and figure out will happen before getting to enjoy the movie. So, like everything else, knowing Greek drama can better an experience and ruin it at the same time. For Aristotle, this film would meet the criteria of a perfect drama. Due to the futuristic setting, the tragic hero, and complex plot of Minority Report, the movie will certainly meet the criteria of Aristotle.